Managing kidney stones: symptoms, causes and treatment

Kidney stone disease or nephrolithiasis is a common health concern that can cause significant pain and discomfort. That’s why understanding the symptoms and causes of kidney stones is essential for early detection and treatment.

This article explores the key aspects of kidney stones to help you understand this condition, including what you can do to prevent or manage it, and when to seek medical treatment from our urology team at a Gundersen Health location near you.

What are kidney stones and where do they come from?

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can vary in size and shape and may affect any part of the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the bladder. The stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. 

There are many types of kidney stones

Not all kidney stones are created equal. They come in various forms, each with different causes:

Calcium stones

The most common type, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Factors such as high-oxalate foods, like leafy greens and nuts, vitamin D intake and certain medications can contribute to their formation.

Cystine stones  

Develop in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids. 

Struvite stones

Often form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection. These stones can grow quickly and become quite large.

Uric acid stones

This is more common in people who lose a lot of fluid from chronic diarrhea or malabsorption. It also affects those who eat a high-protein diet.

A real pain: recognizing the symptoms of kidney stones

Understanding the symptoms of kidney stones can aid in early diagnosis and treatment. While small stones may pass unnoticed, larger stones can cause severe symptoms. Common signs include sudden, intense pain that can change in strength. Many people feel pain in their back or side, which may spread to the lower abdomen and groin.

When is it time to see a healthcare provider?

If you’re experiencing pain, urinary issues, other symptoms or suspect you have kidney stones, we recommend visiting a Gundersen Health primary care or urology provider.

You can also call our free 24-hour nurse advisor line or visit an urgent care location.

Pain and discomfort

• Severe pain often feels sharp and cramping. It usually starts in the back or side under the ribs. This pain can spread to the lower abdomen and groin.  
• Fluctuating intensity is often referred to as pain that comes in waves. This pain can vary in strength and is known as renal colic.   

Urinary symptoms

• Frequent urination or an increased need to urinate, which may be accompanied by a burning sensation.
• Hematuria or blood in the urine, which can appear pink, red or brown.

Other symptoms

• Nausea and vomiting symptoms may occur due to the pain or as a direct result of the kidney stones affecting the digestive tract.
• Fever and chills if an infection is present alongside the stones.

What are the main causes of kidney stones?

Several factors contribute to the formation of kidney stones, including lifestyle choices, dietary habits and underlying health conditions. Understanding the causes of kidney stones is critical for prevention and management.

Dehydration

Not drinking enough water each day can lead to concentrated urine, increasing the likelihood of stone formation. Staying well-hydrated is one of the simplest ways to reduce your risk.

“Do not underestimate the importance of drinking adequate amounts of water to prevent kidney stones. I typically recommend at least 80 ounces per day."

James L. Wise, PA-C, Urology, Gundersen Health System

Dietary factors

• High sodium intake: Excessive salt can increase calcium in the urine, leading to stone formation.
• Oxalate-rich foods: Foods such as spinach, beets, and nuts can contribute to calcium oxalate stones.

Medical conditions

Certain medical conditions can increase the risk of kidney stones, such as:

• Gout — a condition that causes increased levels of uric acid, which can lead to uric acid stones.
• Hyperparathyroidism  — the overactivity of the parathyroid glands can lead to higher calcium levels in the blood and urine.

Genetic factors may increase your risk

A family history of kidney stones may increase the risk, as genetic predispositions can influence stone formation.

6 tips to help you prevent kidney stones

To further prevent kidney stones, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, which can help provide essential nutrients and promote overall kidney health.

While not all kidney stones can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce your risk, including:

1. Being physically active: Regular physical activity is beneficial, as it can help regulate body weight and improve     metabolic health, decreasing the likelihood of developing stones.
2. Eating foods rich in potassium: High-potassium foods, such as bananas, oranges and sweet potatoes, can help balance the effects of sodium and may reduce the risk of stone formation.
3. Incorporating high-fiber foods: Foods high in fiber can aid in digestion and help maintain a healthy weight, which is crucial for preventing kidney stones.
4. Increasing calcium intake: Consuming appropriate amounts of calcium can help reduce the risk of stones but avoid excessive supplements.
5. Limiting sodium and animal-based protein: Reducing salt and meat in your diet can help prevent stone formation.
6. Staying hydrated: Aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water daily.

What are the treatment options for kidney stones?

Treatment for kidney stones depends on the size and type of stone and the severity of symptoms.

Small stones

• Increased fluid intake: Drinking more water can help flush out small stones.
• Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers can manage discomfort.

Large stones  

Medical procedures may be necessary to break up or remove larger stones.

• Medication use: Certain medications can help prevent stone formation, depending on the stone type. For example, thiazide diuretics can reduce calcium stones, while allopurinol can prevent uric acid stones.
• Shock wave lithotripsy: Shock waves from outside the body are targeted at a kidney stone, causing the stone to fragment. The stones are broken into tiny pieces.
• Surgical removal: In rare cases, a surgical procedure known as percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be needed.
• Ureteroscopy procedure: Involves the passage of a small telescope through the urethra and bladder and up the ureter to the point where the stone is located.

Focus on prevention to keep you healthy

Kidney stones can be a painful and disruptive condition. Fortunately, understanding their symptoms and causes can lead to early detection and effective treatment. By staying hydrated, making dietary adjustments and seeking medical advice, when necessary, you can reduce your risk or successfully manage your condition.

Always consult with a primary care or urology provider if you have concerns about kidney stones or are experiencing symptoms related to them.